Managing data on computer and telecommunications networks

ABSTRACT

Protecting personal information by generating entity-specific aliases for use in communication with third parties is disclosed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent App.No. 61/349,784, filed May 28, 2010, which is incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

There are more than 1 billion Internet users worldwide, more than 3.5billion mobile subscribers of which over 70% use their mobile phones forpurposes other than voice, and all have at least once communicatedpersonal data (whether email, name, date of birth, address, phonenumber, etc . . . ) to companies (Service Providers, eCommerce sites,Banks, Mobile Operators, . . . ) and/or authorized, with or withouttheir knowledge, the use of these data.

The services offered on Internet/mobile requiring authentication arebecoming more and more numerous and varied (email, social networkingsites, online shopping, auctions, banks, brands, etc . . . ).Individuals often provide personal information without ever reading theusage contract associated with its use; receive email or SMS from thosecompanies or other companies to which they have never communicated theirpersonal data; are often in the middle, without their consent or withoutbeing fully aware, of multiple cross databases concerning their personaldata and/or behavior allowing a better targeting; and sometimes useseveral email addresses to prevent “pollution/spam” but also multiplepasswords which gradually leads to confusion but does not necessarilyadequately respond to the challenges of visibility and transparency.

In addition, other systems such as Cookies, can be installed withoutindividuals being really aware, which can collect personal informationabout the individuals.

One or more of these factors can mean that individuals cannot controlhaving made available their personal data; they can forget their loginand/or password; they are no longer in control of their own data; and,by the technical level of the terminologies commonly used, have only avague idea of what is really going on, including fusion (crossing) ofpersonal data files, analysis of their Internet behavior, and sharing oftheir personal data between companies. National and/or Internationalauthorities, among them, fall into this game with a desire to protectthe individual, which is laudable, but can result in restrictions oftennot understood by individuals, not broadly applicable while the Internetis global, and which could have a negative impact on a booming ecosystem (Internet and Mobile).

The protection of privacy is a global issue that worries bothindividuals and the authorities. For example, the media coverage on thesubject is increasing significantly, driven by Google and Facebookcases. This privacy concern is weighed in light of the value addedservices that a user is getting. Internet and Mobile phones offer lotsof opportunities, some of which are unused or unusable at the moment, tomeet the needs of individuals and thus provide the service(s) they want,provided that the relationship between the supplier and the individualis transparent and well understood. However, if nothing is done to makesure that individuals are informed and confident, then the Internet andmore certainly the Mobile may not deliver all their promises and insteadcould be viewed as invaders of privacy and therefore individual freedom.

Today, in this context where the Internet and mobile phone multiply theopportunities to connect and where the engagement becomes a key elementof the relationship between Individuals and Brands, the individual maywant to be the center and especially the master, with fullresponsibility, whatever the means.

There are quite a few initiatives which have taken place in terms ofprotecting privacy, started by Governments and Authorities which haveand are still very active in putting in place Laws, Regulations andrules in order to guarantee the Consumer and his personal data. Also,organizations such as Network Advertising Initiative(www.networkadvertising.org) or Truste (www.truste.com) have put inplace some mechanisms either to be able to inform the consumer either tohelp companies to setup the right Privacy policies corresponding to theconsumer's interest. However, those initiatives, even they are goinginto the right direction, didn't prevent privacy concerns from emergingsignificantly over years as they are primarily company-focused ratherthan consumer-focused.

FTC, EU Commission, ICO in the UK, German Federal Data protection Act,CNIL in France, AEPD in Spain, IPC in Canada, etc. are involved indefining rules on personal data protection. Also, US and EU havelaunched in Q1 2010 a new consultation(http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/news/consulting_public/news_consulting_(—)0005_en.htm)that aims to have a common International approach. At the end of the31st International Conference of Data Protection and PrivacyCommissioners, which took place in Madrid in November 2009, dataprotection authorities from over 50 countries approve the “MadridResolution” on international privacy standards which constitutes thebasis for the drawing up of a future universally binding Agreement.

The speed at which the digital environment has moved in the last 4years, plus the new possibilities emerging with Mobile phones, plus theGlobalization which is inherent to the Internet, plus the size of thise-Economy, makes it very difficult to legislate or regulate to preventsuch or such usage of personal data. Some of those authorities andcertainly Ann Cavoukian, from Canada IPC, are proposing to shift and toreboot the system as it has been defined in order to address the newlandscape (see, e.g., http://www.ipc.on.ca/english/Home-Page/).

SUMMARY

The following embodiments and aspects thereof are described andillustrated in conjunction with systems, tools, and methods that aremeant to be exemplary and illustrative, not limiting in scope. Invarious embodiments, one or more of the above-described problems havebeen reduced or eliminated, while other embodiments are directed toother improvements.

An individual can have rights to engage with control:

information right→consentΘdata owner

update right→update←self discipline/discernment

oblivion right→deletion←compliance identity/privacy

A trusted third party can allow the Internet and/or Mobile user controlto be informed, to give permissions, to give their preferences, and toengage.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts a conceptual view of a controlled data management system.

FIG. 2 depicts an example of a controlled data management subscriptionsystem for personal information consumers.

FIG. 3 depicts an example of a controlled data management registrationsystem for personal information providers.

FIG. 4 depicts an example of a personal information aliasing system.

FIG. 5 depicts an example of an alias-aware email server system.

FIG. 6 depicts an example of a system for providing services to a userof a controlled data management system.

FIGS. 7A and 7B depict examples of components suitable for performingthe techniques described in this paper.

FIGS. 8A to 8C depict examples of aliasing systems with variations inthe locality of the components.

FIG. 9 depicts a flowchart of an example of a method for identifyinginformation sharing using an entity-specific alias.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 depicts a conceptual view of a controlled data management system100. In the example of FIG. 1, the system 100 includes a network 102, acontrolled data sharing server 104, a master client 106, and limitedaccess clients 108-1 to 108-N (referred to collectively as limitedaccess clients 108). The network 102 can include the Internet, or anyother network, as described later with reference to FIGS. 7 and 8.

The controlled data sharing server 104 can include various hardwareand/or software components, as described later with reference to FIGS. 7and 8. Using techniques described in this paper, the controlled datasharing server 104 can enable users to be reasonably assured that theywill receive offers from companies they trust, feel empowered byinforming them, making them confident, helping them engage in atransparent relationships, and/or rewarding them. Thus, consumers canbecome masters of their own digital fingerprints.

The system may also be of interest to governments because aliasmanagement can prevent personal data from leaving a country ifimplemented properly, without limiting the ability of users within thecountry to participate in international e-commerce. The various dataavailable can be reported for consumers, system administrators, thirdparty entities, etc., using a reporting engine that has access to dataavailable and/or relevant to the particular entity. For example, thecontrolled data sharing server 104 has access to a great deal of datathat can be used for the purpose of developing consumer behavioralmarketing profiles.

The controlled data sharing server 104 can, for example, enable a userassociated with the master client 106 to view a list of companies (e.g.,eCommerce sites, Media or publishers sites, social networks, ISPs or anyother sites, etc.) that hold a subset of the user's personal data (e.g.,name; address; email address; mobile, home, office, or other telephonenumber; credit card information; age; sex; occupation; photos; etc.).The data can be obtained through user registration, provided by anothercompany, or through some other means. As another example, the controlleddata sharing server 104 can enable the user to view a list of companiesthat have put cookies, tags, or other information gathering/trackingdevices on the master client 106 or other machines of the user allowingthe monitoring of the user's Internet or other activity for behavioranalysis, delivering targeted advertising, or other purposes. As anotherexample, the controlled data sharing server 104 can enable the user toview a list of companies to which the user has given their emailaddress, which was subsequently (or perhaps predicted to be) sold orotherwise shared with other companies (perhaps without the user'spermission) from which the user or an agent of the user has receivedemails. If the user has received an email from one or more of the othercompanies, the user can, in a specific implementation, view a list ofany of the other companies in association with the one company that hasshared apparently the email address. As another example, the controlleddata sharing server 104 can reward a user for usage of personal data oracceptance of behavioral targeting in a market place where the user canchoose a list of topics/interests and/or choose to be contacted byBrands they have identified in their

trust list

. As another example, the controlled data sharing server 104 canfacilitate a user viewing offers from brands/companies, facilitate theuser proposing brands/companies themselves, and/or enable the user toenter searches/preferences on a product or category; and enable the userto enter into an agreement for a period of time (e.g., while looking toacquire a product), for specific information or types of information,for a particular purpose, and/or the like. In addition, the user mightreceive offers from companies that are recommended by a party associatedwith the controlled data sharing server 104 or some other party,presumably though not necessarily if the user chooses to receiverecommendations. Functionality of the controlled data sharing server 104is described in greater detail later.

In the example of FIG. 1, the master client 106 includes a personalinformation data store 110, a data sharing transparency engine 112, anetwork interface 114, and a bus 116 operationally connecting thecomponents. The personal information data store 110 can be implementedas a data structure (or multiple data structures) stored in acomputer-readable storage medium. By way of example but not limitation,personal information can be stored as a record in a database, as arraysin a flat file, as a table in volatile memory, in an Internet PC/Mobilenetwork or other cloud, or in some other convenient manner. A data storecan include interfaces that facilitate access to data in the data store,and/or engines that perform other functions.

In a specific implementation, the personal information data store 110includes an address book. Address books can have a variety of formatsand configurations including by way of example but not limitation, PalmAddress Book, Outlook Address Book, Mozilla Address Book, EntourageAddress Book, Max OS X Address Book, or an applicable known orconvenient address book type. An address book, or more generally a datastore of personal information, can include practically any data, thoughparticular implementations may include more or fewer fields or datastructure types than other implementations.

As used in this paper, personal information can include practically anydata that can be associated with a user. By way of example, but notlimitation, personal information can include name, importantanniversaries, home address, business address, home phone, home fax,cell phone, business phone, business fax, personal email, businessemail, favorite charities, wish lists, clothing sizes, favorite colors,favorite wines, favorite foods, favorite websites, items of interest,links to content, media files, software titles, pictures, video,settings (e.g., FACEBOOK®), etc.

In the example of FIG. 1, the data sharing transparency engine 112 isoptional because the engine responsible for giving control over personalinformation to a user of the master client 106, establishing a virtuouscircle between the user and other entities associated with the limitedclients 108 based on trust through transparency, making sure the user ismaster of the personal information and is informed of its intended useby the entities, and/or providing a unique space in which the user canmake use of Internet, mobile, or other services in confidence, could beimplemented at the controlled data sharing server 104. In a specificimplementation, the data sharing transparency engine 112 can include abrowser plug-in. The plug-in could enable registration with entities andhelp to obtain aliases for use with the entities at the time ofregistration, using techniques described in this paper. In animplementation that does not include a data sharing transparency engine112, the master client 106 could include a browser or other engine foraccessing a private space at the controlled data sharing server 104 toview or manage data, a user profile, or the like.

As used in this paper, an engine includes a dedicated or sharedprocessor and, hardware, firmware, or software modules that are executedby the processor. Depending upon implementation-specific or otherconsiderations, functionality of an engine can be centralized ordistributed. An engine can include special purpose hardware, firmware,or software embodied in a computer-readable medium for execution by theprocessor. As used in this paper, the term “computer-readable storagemedium” is intended to include only physical media, such as memory. Asused in this paper, a computer-readable medium is intended to includeall mediums that are statutory (e.g., in the United States, under 35U.S.C. 101), and to specifically exclude all mediums that arenon-statutory in nature to the extent that the exclusion is necessaryfor a claim that includes the computer-readable medium to be valid.Known statutory computer-readable mediums include hardware (e.g.,registers, random access memory (RAM), non-volatile (NV) storage, toname a few), but may or may not be limited to hardware.

The network interface 114 can include various hardware and/or softwarecomponents, as described later with reference to FIGS. 7 and 8. Itshould be noted that although only a single network interface is shownfor the various clients in the example of FIG. 1, and in other figuresin this paper, it is possible to use multiple network interfaces. Forexample, the personal information data store 110 could be distributedacross multiple locations and coupled by way of a network. As anotherexample, the personal information data store 110 could be remoterelative to the data sharing transparency engine 112. So the networkinterface 114 should be construed broadly to include an applicable knownor convenient mechanism for connecting the various components of adevice to a network, regardless of whether sub-components of aparticular component are distributed across multiple machines or thevarious components are distributed across multiple machines (as could besuggested by the depictions of the components in a single device in theexamples provided in the figures in this paper, but which should beviewed as a specific implementation of a broader concept).

In the example of FIG. 1, the various components of the master client106 are connected to a bus 116. It may be noted that alternativeembodiments that do not connect some or all of the components to the bus116 are possible, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in therelevant art. Therefore, the bus 116 could be considered optional.

In the example of FIG. 1, the limited access clients 108 include networkinterfaces 118-1 to 118-N (referred to collectively as networkinterfaces 118) and aliased information data stores 120-1 to 120-N(referred to collectively as aliased information data stores 120). Thenetwork interfaces 118 can include various hardware and/or softwarecomponents, as described later with reference to FIGS. 7 and 8. Thealiased information data stores 120 can include a subset of data foundin the personal information data store 110, and the data can includeempty containers or dummy values, and at least one alias to facilitatecontrol of the data by a user associated with the master client 106 in amanner that is described later.

In a specific implementation, the limited access clients 108 can beagnostic regarding the controlled data sharing server 104. What is meantby agnostic is that the limited access clients 108 can be associatedwith enterprises that collect personal information from individuals,such as an individual associated with the master client 106, and collectpersonal information from the master client 106 in a manner that doesnot vary due to the existence of the controlled data sharing server 104.In such an implementation, an individual associated with the masterclient 106 would make use of the controlled data sharing server 104 toenter personal information, including an email alias, at one of thelimited access clients 108.

Alternatively, one or more of the limited access clients 108 can beaware of their involvement in a controlled data sharing system. Forexample, an independent entity can request an entity associated with oneof the limited access clients 108 to send a structured and/orstandardized email to an email alias that the controlled data sharingserver 104 has created for an individual that is specific to the entity.The structured and/or standardized email can include containersassociated with personal information that is collected by the site and alink for an update, such as, for example, name of the company, purposeof the use of personal information, email (test-test@test.com), name,surname, date of birth, mobile phone, etc. As the term suggests,containers are not data values, but are rather the fields that theentity would normally attempt to fill with personal information from auser. Advantageously, collection of the personal information of a usercould become unnecessary in some cases and/or implementations as therewould be a standardized process to certify the users. The user may ormay not be able to use a mechanism, such as a browser plug-in, torequest to update a user profile automatically by, for example, addingthe entity to a list of trusted sites, populating containers associatedwith the entity, updating previously provided personal information withnew information (e.g., if a phone number changes), obtaining an aliasfor the entity, and/or other activities associated with the entity orthe data associated with the entity.

In a specific implementation, an automated procedure can be put in placebetween the controlled data sharing server 104 and sites/companies thatagree to send the information they hold on individuals. For example, thecontrolled data sharing server 104 can send to a trusted entity a listof registered individuals (e.g., emails); a company/site can send to thecontrolled data sharing server 104 a list of registered individuals(e.g., emails); or for each instance of a duplicate email, the entitycan be requested to send the containers held for this email address withthe date of creation and a link to update the data. Advantageously, auser associated with the master client 106 may be able to identifyentities that collect their personal information and/or have agreed byway of cooperation with the controlled data sharing server 104 to betransparent. It may be desirable for the controlled data sharing server104 to provide a dedicated “Companies” zone where, for example, entitiescan be requested to exchange data proactively, provide information aboutthemselves or the personal information they collect, or the like.

Entities can benefit by cooperating with the controlled data sharingserver 104. For example, the controlled data sharing server 104 can makeusers confident of the transparency of a site associated with an entityand therefore strengthen the relationship between users and the entity.The controlled data sharing server 104 can receive user personalinformation from cooperating entities that the entities have gathered.The controlled data sharing server 104 can aggregate the personalinformation in a personal space associated with the user.

Personal information can be tagged or otherwise made identifiable asassociated with an entity or group of entities and convey informationabout the entity. For example, the controlled data sharing server 104could identify personal information provided to an entity with aspecific logo, which could be visible from an application/plug-in whenthe user is on the controlled data sharing server 104. In a specificimplementation, the logo need not certify contracts for the user ofpersonal data, which is done already by companies such as eTrust, butcan still to demonstrate that the site/company is cooperating to ensurethat personal information is used transparently to the user. The logocould take several forms and/or could convey information on thecompany/site that, for example, the site has agreed to send personalinformation held on an individual to the controlled data sharing server104, the site sends the information and will not share with othercompanies, the site sends the information and will not sell/share withother companies without contacting the individual, the site offers anopportunity to exit if the user requests it, the site is currently indiscussion for exchanging the personal data with the controlled datasharing server 104, the site does not wish to participate, the site hasnot responded to a request to cooperate, or the like.

A user associated with the master client 106 can manage/track theirpersonal information in a space provided by the controlled data sharingserver 104. The space can enable advertisers, research companies,publishers, agencies, etc. to promote/place their profiles search (forinvestigation, for monitoring behavior, for establishing panels, forconducting tests, etc.) with, for example, a description of the subject,the objective, duration, rewards associated, or the like. The space canenable individuals to see the profiles search, to respond, to askquestions, to provide personal information (including, e.g., behavioraldata that could be generated by the controlled data sharing server 104rather than explicitly provided by the user) transparently to an entity,to manage the granting of personal information (all or part), to trackcompensation for sharing personal information, or the like.

In a specific implementation, an individual can be given access to anauction system in which the individual could offer his “profile”(personal or behavioral) for a defined period at a price, entities couldplace offers for profiles, or both. This feature can enable, forexample, real-time bidding for personal information. To protect privacy,it is likely that the space would only be accessible to subscribers tothe system, whether the subscriber is a user with personal informationor the subscriber is an entity that seeks personal information.Accessibility could be controlled with an applicable known or convenienttechnique for controlling access, such as by requiring the use of ausername and password by subscribers to the service.

In a specific implementation, to ostensibly increase the quality ofpersonal information, entities could be given the opportunity to ratethe individual (e.g., scale from 1 to 10) regarding the “engagement” toparticipate. This rating may or may not be based on the fact that theindividual has bought a product, clicked on banners, or the like, andcould be limited to data derived from engagement terms of an agreementwith the entity and associated personal information. Also, for theindividual, during the auction of personal information or whenresponding to an offer for personal information, this rating can appearso the brands will be able to appraise the profile they are going todeal with.

In a specific implementation, a user can rate entities in the privatespace. If an entity has a sufficiently low rating (or is explicitlyturned off) the company may lose the ability to solicit the user withemail, offers, or the like.

Entities may work with agencies, ad servers, marketing firms, or thelike to ensure that their promotions, advertising, targeting, etc. areeffective for their brands. The controlled data sharing server 104 canalso work with such agencies to provide a list of brands for targetingto individuals.

An individual can define what he wants and from who he wants to receivepromotions. In a specific implementation, a search engine can includeseveral dimensions in addition to more obvious dimensions such asproduct category, product, brand, or the like. A time dimension couldenable a user to indicate a start and an end date. For example, if auser is looking for a promotion for a trip in the next 3 weeks thecontrolled data sharing server 104 could provide promotions for 3 weeksand then stop providing promotions. Also, the search engine couldremember the search terms used in the initial search to eliminate theneed for the user to reiterate the search multiple times over theindicated time period, and send criteria matches to the user.

Another dimension may be “my favorite brand.” A user may wish torestrict promotions to brands/sites that are in the user's privatespace, select brands about which he wishes to receive information, allowbrands to respond to a search recommended by other individuals, limitsearch results to the same type of products or otherwise relatedproducts, or the like. An advantage of this feature is that the resultswon't include all those intermediary companies/sites which do not bringany value to the search and just pollute the results because they haveacquired keywords.

The results of a search can be promotions/ads, such as promotions thatthe individual has received by mail that the controlled data sharingserver 104 has analyzed, promotions that correspond to the search (or atleast some part of the search), real time promotions frombrands/companies directly related to the search, or the like. It may bedesirable to restrict clickable links to real promotions matching thesearch and not links to sites that are merely intermediaries or a homepage. Users may be given the ability to report link results in theirprivate space, block the associated search result from being displayedagain, or the like, and the link may be marked as potentially notrelevant, not relevant regarding a type of products, or not relevant inother contexts. A list could be made accessible to all users so thatthey can get the best value. Also, if the results appear in a specificpromotions space, the individual could be asked to list the sites hewants some advertisement/promotions to appear on regarding his search,and a proper response (such as partnering with those sites) could bemade. This approach is different from behavioral targeting because theconsumer engages with brands and products in a different way, beingfully aware of what he will get and how. As there are a lot of questionstoday on the value of banner advertising and efficiency, this approachwill likely help increase value.

It may be desirable to offer other services like: Summarizing all thecontacts of the Individual (Social Networking, Instant Messaging,Outlook, Mobile Phone, etc.); linking with social networks to developthe real-time context info; integrating a social network; and providingvoting spaces, expression, evaluation, and opinion sharing.

Using the techniques described in this paper, the system 100 can be usedto enable users, from, for example, a simple/single user interface, tobecome, day after day, master of their profiles. This can beaccomplished by maintaining personal information held by companies (e.g.name, email, mobile phone number, age, sex, occupation, etc.);storing/viewing userids/passwords associated with each site/brand in asecure way; tracking newsletter subscriptions; knowing whether a userhas bought something from a company, perhaps including transactiondates; knowing whether a site uses or has used a cookie and what is theuse of data gathered or tracked in association with the cookie;facilitating direct access to a user profile on these sites via a directlink; asking to unsubscribe to information/newsletters fromsites/companies on behalf of the user; ending a relationship with one ormore sites (excluding sites where this relationship is required, such asBanks, Internet Providers, Mobile Operators, etc.); giving a score onthe appreciation of a website/company regarding data privacymanagement/transparency and trust; enabling the viewing of an aggregatedscore (e.g., from subscribers to a service associated with thecontrolled data sharing server 104) for each company; updating certainpersonal information such as address, email, etc., and authorizing thecontrolled data sharing server 104 or an associated service to send anupdate to all or a user defined list of holders companies.

In a specific implementation, the system 100 can collect information byusing a process the user has agreed to install/activate on adesktop/laptop/mobile, using buttons (widgets) that sites put on theirsubscription/profile page, and/or asking brands to send automaticallythe information they hold on the user to the controlled data sharingserver 104 or an associated service. Presumably, users will desire thattheir personal information be protected. So, for example, the system 100can be implemented such that an interaction with external Companies,whether for incoming or outgoing information, will be done throughsecured APIs and processes. Some such processes are described later.

In operation, the controlled data sharing server 104 and/or the datasharing transparency engine 112 enable a user control over personalinformation. For example, when a user enters or updates personalinformation at, e.g., a third party site, the controlled data managementsystem can automatically collect some information depending upon rulesthat are implementation-, configuration-, and/or userpreference-specific. Some such information can include a container only(e.g., Name: Yes, Surname: Yes, Address: No, etc . . . ), the containerand the content (e.g., Name: Yes, Value=

Test

, Surname: Yes, Value=

Test1

, etc . . . ), or a combination.

The following examples refer to Facebook, but would be applicable toother sites. Information can be derived from a user clicking a

Like

button on Facebook. Then the controlled data management system can addthe site and the information which are made available to it, presumablyin accordance with user preferences. When the user is using anapplication in Facebook that is collecting personal information theapplication can be registered in the controlled data management systemso the user can know, remember, and act at some point in the future. AsFacebook offers ways to access which information they have that isassociated with users and their profiles (friends, level of openness,etc . . . ) and are using Oauth, the controlled data management systemcould automatically collect this information and make it clear in thecontrolled data management system.

The controlled data management system can also collect and track whichcookies are active on a specific site when the user is surfing on andlinks to companies (often third parties such as Ad Servers, trackingcompanies, etc . . . ).

In accordance with user preferences, the controlled data managementsystem can also store login information for various sites. Logininformation frequently includes a userid and a password. The logininformation should be stored securely in an applicable known orconvenient manner.

If a user provides personal information directly to the controlled datamanagement system, which may or may not be possible depending upon theimplementation, the information can be stored in one or more profiles.The controlled data management system can then propose that the userreuse some or all of the data of a particular profile when registeringat a third party site.

A controlled data management entity can partner with third partyentities (subscribers) and collect containers or data holders forindividuals in general, or particular individuals. The controlled datamanagement system can inform the user when new third party entitiessubscribe. The user can then, for example, click on an option to seewhich companies are subscribers and what personal information of theuser the companies have (including the values if desired, assuming thecontrolled data management system actually has the values).

FIG. 2 depicts an example of a controlled data management subscriptionsystem 200 for personal information consumers. In the example of FIG. 2,the system 200 includes a network interface 202, an entity subscriptionengine 204, an entity profile data store 206, and an entity labelingengine 208. The network interface 202 can include various hardwareand/or software components, as described later with reference to FIGS. 7and 8.

In the example of FIG. 2, the entity subscription engine 204 is coupledto the network interface 202. The entity subscription engine 204 isoperative to enable an entity to join a data management subscriptionservice as a provider of content, goods, or services and/or as aconsumer of personal information. The entity can contact the entitysubscription engine 204 to form an association or the entitysubscription engine 204 can contact the entity to form the association.The reason for making contact can include, for example, a user indicatesan interest in a website, which triggers the entity subscription engine204 to send an invitation to the website; the entity subscription engine204 can receive an instruction from, e.g., an administrator to send aninvitation; the entity subscription engine 204 could automaticallysearch the network for potential partners and send an invitation whenone is found; or for some other reason.

For illustrative purposes, it is assumed that the entity will collectsome personal information about users, but it is possible that theinformation is an alias and only anonymous personal information ispassed to the entity. Some entities may require certain personalinformation, but for illustrative purposes, it is assumed that at leasta sub-part of the personal information is an alias. In a specificimplementation, the aliased information includes an email alias. Inalternative implementations, the aliased information could include analiased phone number, an aliased name (e.g., a doing-business-as “DBA”name), an aliased address (e.g., a post office box), or the like.

It is possible for an entity to collect personal information from a userthat is not shared with a controlled data management network. However,metadata can still be shared. For example, in a specific implementation,the entity subscription engine 204 can obtain via the network interface202 data containers that are empty, have dummy values, or have aliases,and store the containers in the entity profile 206. The data containersrepresent one or more data fields that can be filled with informationcollected from users. By obtaining the containers from third parties,the system 200 can know what information a user has shared with thethird parties without collecting the information at the controlled datamanagement network. In a specific implementation, this option could be a“default” in the sense that there will not be any identifiableinformation collected by the system 200 except, for example, email,which was provided at registration.

In a specific implementation, a controlled data management system canfacilitate user management of data fields by allowing the user to linkcontainers from different entity profiles (or perhaps linking containersautomatically). For example, if two entities have containers that arereferred to as “Name,” it is possible that the name provided by the useris the same for each entity. By linking the two, the user can make useof other procedures, assuming such procedures are implemented, to update“Name” for each third party entity simultaneously. In a specificimplementation, willingness of an entity to cooperate in certainprocedures can be stored in the entity profile data store 206. Forexample, entities that cooperate can enable the controlled datamanagement system to go to a third party entity site and update userinformation on behalf of the user. Alternatively, a user could providelogin information to the controlled data management system to enable thesystem to update information that changes on behalf of the user. Sinceit would probably be desirable to automate the update procedure,depending upon the implementation, the third party entities may need toenable automated updates, and whether the third party entities enableautomated updates can be indicated in the entity profile data store 206.

In the example of FIG. 2, the entity profile data store 206 is coupledto the entity subscription engine 204. In operation, the entitysubscription engine 204 obtains information about an entity to associatewith the data management system, which is stored in the entity profiledata store 206. It is possible to form an association without receivingany information from the entity. For example, a user could provideinformation about the entity or the information could be obtained insome other manner. An entity record in the entity profile data store 206can include name of company, URL, phone number, and/or other applicableknown or convenient fields. In a specific implementation, a status fieldindicates the relationship of an entity with a controlled data sharingentity. For example, the status field could indicate the entity has beenrequested to join a controlled data sharing network, but that no answerhas been received; that the request has been denied; that the requesthas been accepted; that the entity has joined the controlled datasharing network, but shares personal information with affiliates; thatthe entity has joined the controlled data sharing network, but does notshare personal information with anyone; that the entity is willing toaccept that a user is certified through the controlled data sharingnetwork without requiring any non-aliased information; that thecontrolled data sharing network has been granted the ability to updatepersonal information with the entity if a user changes their personalinformation; or other indications of status within the controlled datasharing network that are decided to be worth recording.

In the example of FIG. 2, the entity labeling engine 208 is coupled tothe network interface 202, the entity subscription engine 204, and theentity profile data store 206. Status or other information about anentity can be stored in the entity profile data store 206 by the entitysubscription engine 204. The entity labeling engine 208 can providethrough the network interface 202 status or other information about anentity through a message or alert, a color-changing symbol or item, orother widget that accomplishes the goal of providing information aboutan entity that is associated with a website or other electronicpresence. In an alternative implementation, the widget could beindicative of entity status based upon a physical location (e.g.,through a GPS navigation system), a phone location (e.g., as a displayon a smart phone), or through some other convenient mechanism inassociation with identifying information about the entity. Where it isdesirable to distinguish between the various labeling technologies, anengine that provides a widget in association with an electronic presencecan be referred to as an entity e-labeling engine, an engine thatprovides a widget in association with a physical location can bereferred to as an entity location labeling engine, an engine thatprovides a widget in association with a phone number can be referred toas an entity phone number labeling engine, etc. In each case, the labelis indicative of a relationship and/or status the entity has with acontrolled data management network.

FIG. 3 depicts an example of a controlled data management registrationsystem 300 for personal information providers. In the example of FIG. 3,the system 300 includes a network interface 302, a user identificationengine 310, a user registration engine 312, a personal informationcollection engine 314, and a user profile data store 314. The networkinterface 302 can include various hardware and/or software components,as described later with reference to FIGS. 7 and 8.

In the example of FIG. 3, the user identification engine 310 is coupledto the network interface 302. The user identification engine 310 can beused to find users at particular locations. For example, a user could beidentified by downloading an item to a machine, clicking on a link,navigating to a particular location on the web, explicitly identifyingthemselves on a social network, email site, or the like, etc. In animplementation that includes phone access, the user could be identifiedby making a telephone call. In a specific implementation, a user can beidentified using data previously collected in a registration procedure.The user could, for example, register on a control management system.

In the example of FIG. 3, the user registration engine 312 is coupled tothe user identification engine 310. When a user is identified, the userregistration engine 312 can initiate a personal information collectionprocedure.

In the example of FIG. 3, the personal information collection engine 314is coupled to the network interface 302, the user identification engine310, and the user registration engine 312. The personal informationcollection engine 314 can collect data about users via the networkinterface 302. The information collected by the personal informationcollection engine 314 can depend upon whether an identified user isregistered, whether the identified user has or is interacting with asubscribed entity, previously provided user preferences, or the like.

In the example of FIG. 3, the user profile data store 316 is coupled tothe user registration engine 312 and the personal information collectionengine 314. The personal information collection engine 312 can storeinformation about a user in the user profile 314 when the personalinformation is collected.

When initiating a “quick” registration procedure, the personalinformation collected might include only an email address or mobilephone number. The personal information collection engine 314 can storethe collected email address or mobile phone number in the user profiledata store 316. The user registration engine 312 can generate an aliasemail address or alias phone number and store the alias in the userprofile data store 316 in association with the collected email addressor mobile phone number. Thus, a user can provide only a single field ofdata to the system 300 and have an alias generated in association withthat single field of data. Of course, it is also possible to initiate,either after or instead of a quick registration procedure, a morecomprehensive registration procedure during which the personalinformation collection engine 314 collects more data from a user duringthe registration procedure and saves the collected data in the userprofile data store 316.

In an alternative, the user registration engine 312 could generate auser id and the personal information collection engine 314 could obtaina user password from a user (or the user could provide a userid insteadof having one generated for them, or in addition to having a useridentifier or user number generated for them). Thus, in thisalternative, it is possible to register a user without collectingsensitive information. As used in this paper, “sensitive information” isintended to mean personal information that is useful for contacting oridentifying the user outside of the system 300, such as an emailaddress, a physical address, a phone number, or the like. Perhaps mostinformation that a user would store in an address book could beconsidered sensitive information, but a userid that identifies the useronly within a controlled data management system would not be consideredsensitive information, since that information would not enable a thirdparty to identify the user without more. It may be noted that eventhough the userid might not be considered sensitive information, it maystill be desirable to maintain the userid in confidence.

In a specific implementation, the user registration engine 312 canenable a user to register in one of two ways. Using the first way, auser goes to a site associated with a controlled data management systemand registers in an applicable convenient fashion. The first time a userregisters with the controlled data management system, depending upon theimplementation, the user may be prompted to enter a key value, such asan email address. This may or may not be combined with registeringinvolvement with a third party entity to which the user may intend toshare or may have already shared personal information. Using the secondway, the user registration engine 312 can provide a module to the user,which can be embedded in a browser or other system associated with theuser. The module could also be provided by bundling with a browser,system, or provider. The module can be activated automatically uponbeing embedded on the user-side, or can be activated by an event, suchas when the user selects an option to activate, the user goes to aparticular site, the user registration engine 312 activates the moduleremotely, or the like.

In a specific embodiment, the user registration engine 312 can prompt auser to select a language and then select a “Register” option. Theregister option can be displayed on a website associated with thecontrolled data management system, on the user's browser, in an emailmessage sent to the user, as a menu option, or the like. Upon selectionof the option to register, a popup Window can be generated, the user canbe sent to a site associated with the controlled data management system,or the like. After the first registration, it is unlikely that the userwill need to again provide the key value, and may simply be given theoption to register involvement with a third party entity in subsequentregistrations.

When a user has registered or is registering, the user registrationengine 312 can log registrations, updates, likes, cookies, etc.associated with the key value (e.g., email address, phone number, etc.)provided by the user either directly or indirectly while, e.g., browsingon sites. After a certain number of sites have been logged, the user maybe prompted to register one or more of the sites. By way of example butnot limitation, when the user has registered at 10 sites holdingpersonal information of the user, the user registration engine 312 canpop up a window with this list of sites and propose the user to registerone or more of the 10 sites.

The user registration engine 312 can be configured to request minimalinformation, such as country of residence and a key value (e.g., emailaddress, phone number, etc.). It would be desirable for the key value tobe a value that the user employs for the purpose of making purchases,subscriptions, social networks, or other activities. In other words, thekey value should probably not be a dummy value. The key value isimportant to the controlled data management system because it can serveas the main point of contact between the individual and third partyentities, and the controlled data management system will use toconstitute the list of personal data holders.

The user registration engine 312 can be configured to request or assigna userid, which can be a nickname, the user's email address, or someother convenient value, and a password.

When an initial registration process is done, the user registrationengine 312 can: 1) show the user a list of sites where there's a strongchance that he has given a profile (Facebook, Google, Amazon, Ebay, MSN,Yahoo!, local ISPs, etc.); 2) ask the user to choose one to which heknows he has given his personal data; 3) redirect the user towards aprofile page associated with the controlled data management system; 4)prompt the user to enter his username and password; 5) ask the user toright click onto a logo on his desktop/browser and choose “Save thisProfile;” 6) prompt the user to change his email address by going ontothe email field, then right click on the logo and choose “Generate analias email address,” which will replace his email address in the fieldand the confirmation field as well. The user can then save the form. Allemails sent by this company to the new alias email address will beforwarded to the previous email address.

After a user has been registered, user information can continue to becollected. In a specific implementation, the personal informationcollection engine 314 can initiate a procedure to push a software moduleto a machine associated with the user or the user can initiate aprocedure to download a software module to a machine associated with theuser. The software module can include procedures that facilitate theimplementation of a data sharing transparency engine on the user'smachine (see, e.g., FIG. 1, the data sharing transparency engine 112).Alternatively, instead of putting a software module on the user'smachine, subscribers to a controlled data management service can includelinks from their site to the system 300.

In general, the personal information collection engine 314 can collectdata via the Open Social process, via a controlled data managementsystem process, via a robot, via sites/advertisers/media, or otherapplicable techniques. OpenSocial Specification v0.9, dated Apr. 15,2009, of the OpenSocial and Gadgets Specification Group is incorporatedby reference. The user can authorize the controlled data managementsystem to use fetching information and/or obtain data from socialnetworking sites that use the Open Social standard.

The controlled data management system process is in addition to orinstead of using a data sharing transparency engine at a user's machine(see, e.g., FIG. 1, data sharing transparency engine 112), which enablesthe user to grab data given to brands/sites when registering or updatingpersonal information on the respective sites or, in general, whenproviding personal information to a third party. The controlled datamanagement system process can include two different processes: 1) Theuser has already provided personal information and wants to save thedata to a profile on the controlled management system. When on, e.g., apersonal profile page, the user can, for example, right click on abutton displayed on the user's desktop, within a browser, on a smartphone, etc. and choose to save the personal information to a profileassociated with the user (note: in a specific implementation, each usercan have multiple profiles). It may also be desirable to detect that theuser has provided personal information and automatically perform theupdate, presumably in accordance with user preferences, without askinganything of the user. 2) The user is entering or updating personalinformation. The controlled data management process residing on theuser's desktop, browser, or the like can intercept data as it is enteredand can automatically save the data to a relevant profile of the user.In either of cases 1) and 2), when the user exits a page or otherwisereaches a point that can be characterized as completing the data entry,the controlled data management process can recapitulate what is going tobe sent to the controlled data management system, and have the uservalidate the personal information and/or confirm that the data should besent to the controlled data management system.

With a robot, the controlled data management process can use logininformation of a user (presumably in accordance with user preferences)to access sites and obtain personal information at the sites. The sitescan be presented as a list to the user, who can choose which sites thecontrolled data management system should access. This can beaccomplished, for example, by executing a robot on the profile page oneach applicable site, which can crawl the content page and automaticallycapture the personal information held by the site. Normally this wouldrequire agreement from each site to allow the robot to crawl their site.Through a similar process, the robot can also be used to update personalinformation at the site that has changed since the user last providedthe data.

A user can allow the controlled data management system to request thirdparty entities, such as advertisers, media providers, companies,websites, etc., perhaps when the entities hold at least one of theindividual email address/mobile phone number of the user (matchingdatabase process to be done with a third party) to send some or all ofthe related personal information they have on the user. The controlleddata management system can also request data regarding the use ofcookies at the site (cookies can be used to do behavioral targeting).The user can, over time, get an increasingly comprehensive list ofbrands/companies. This can enable the user to sort by emailaddresses/mobile phones numbers. It may be desirable to have a thirdparty (such as Axciom) perform the extraction of common emails/Mobilephone numbers between users of the controlled data management system andthird party entity subscribers to the controlled data management system.When the list of common emails/Mobile phone numbers is extracted, thenan entity subscriber can extract the personal data it holds on eachmember of the list. The entity subscriber can then send the data to thecontrolled data management system through a secured process and storedat the controlled data management system. Alternatively, the sites couldbe requested to send to only data containers but the not the content.

The controlled data management system can labelize entities that agreeto participate by, for example, delivering them a logo that they can putonto their web site to indicate to visitors that they are certified.There may be multiple logos reflecting the level of transparency(sharing of personal data, behavioral targeting, resell/give emailaddresses to third parties which spam or not, etc . . . ), a ratingissued from other users, or the like. As another example, the controlleddata management system can certify entities by changing color or othercharacteristics of a logo that is in users' browsers, desktops, etc.such that when users enter the site, they will know very quickly whetherthe site is participating in the controlled data management program. Asanother example, the entities could be given the option to automaticallysend an email to relevant users who are registered with the controlleddata management system.

Third party entities may also be motivated to participate in order tohave their information on a user's data sharing transparency list ofcompanies with which the user has shared personal information. Thiscould avoid and/or complement, for example, the Axciom process.

For third party entities that do not accept to send information to thecontrolled data management system (and/or those that have not accepted,but have not yet declined), the controlled data management system canhave a specific color of the logo that users can have installed on theirmachine. Then, users will know as soon as they are entering a site thatis not sending information to the controlled data management system.However, if the user wishes to register or update personal information,the user can use a data sharing transparency engine to save theinformation on the controlled data management system.

Examples of data which could be collected and saved:

Example 1 (container):

-   -   Email: joe.smith@example.com    -   First Name?: Yes/No    -   Last Name?: Yes/No    -   Date of Birth?: Yes/No    -   Address?: Yes/No    -   Post Code?: Yes/No    -   City?: Yes/No

Example 2 (container and content):

-   -   Email: joe.smith@example.com    -   First Name: Joe    -   Last Name: Smith    -   Date of Birth: 01/01/1970    -   Address: 234 Example Street    -   Post Code: 99999    -   City: Example City    -   Country: Example Country

Example 3 (container)

-   -   Email: joe.smith@example.com    -   Name?: Yes/No    -   First Name?: Yes/No    -   Date of Birth?: Yes/No    -   Company?: Yes/No    -   Title in Company?: Yes/No    -   Photo?: Yes/No    -   Email address shared with other companies?: Yes/No    -   Cookie on user machines?: Yes/No

Example 4 (container):

-   -   Mobile Phone Number: 999 99 99 99 99    -   Name?: Yes/No    -   First Name?: Yes/No    -   Gender?: Yes/No    -   Age Range?: Yes/No

Apart from Email and Mobile Phone Number, which are treated as keys inthese examples, the other fields are not necessarily filled with theirvalue, but only: Yes/No, which means owned or not.

In a specific implementation, a user can create/update a profile toenable automatically pre-populating fields during registration on sitesand updating once in the controlled data management system some data(e.g., home address after a move) and ask the controlled data managementsystem to send the update to relevant entities.

The controlled data management system can use a standard & distributeddata management system to store data in a secure manner, a solution suchas Cassendra in order to manage the data and not relational databases,or some other solution that meets the needs of scalability, security,and other applicable concerns.

Advantageously, as users and third party subscribers become moreintegrated into the controlled data management system, the personal dataof an individual can take on the properties of objects in the physicalworld that exist in only one place at a time. That is, the user willknow where personal information resides. With this kind of control, auser can give companies permission to access certain personalinformation for a period of time (and then stop access). This couldultimately mean that companies would, instead of some personalinformation, get: a non reversible unique identifier

U_Id

generated by the controlled data management system representing theindividual (encryption of email/mobile phone number) perhaps with avalidity expiration (end of the period of time the user has authorizedthe company to use his data); all the personal data the individual wouldhave declared/given to this company would be then accessed by thecompany for a period of time through a controlled data management API;at the end of the period, the API would disconnect the

U_Id

from the data therefore the company wouldn't be able to access thepersonal data of the individual. Another advantage is that to insurethat next time the user is entering back into a relationship with athird party entity, the user wouldn't have to re-enter all theinformation, which can be maintained on the controlled data managementsystem or on the user's machine. What the companies could keep isperhaps some aggregated data (age/revenue range, city, . . . ) toperform statistics.

FIG. 4 depicts an example of a personal information aliasing system 400.When a user proceeds to the declaration of personal information during apurchase or registration on an internet/mobile site (e.g., socialnetworking, publisher website, Brand, Company Studies, etc.), thepersonal information aliasing system 400 can generate, e.g., a uniqueemail address (an email alias) for this site/brand that will be themailbox used for the user. In a specific implementation, the userassociates a personal email with the email alias. It may be noted thatinformation aliasing can be accomplished during a registration period(see, e.g., FIG. 3) for a first alias, and an identical or similarprocedure can be used for registering second or later aliases. Thus,“registration” can refer to either a user registration (a first time) orentity registration (every time or after the first time).

In the example of FIG. 4, the system 400 includes a network interface402, a personal information anonymization engine 404, an anonymouspersonal information data store 406, a user profile data store 408, anenterprise-specific alias data store 410, and an aliasedenterprise-specific personal information provisioning engine 412. Thesystem 400 can be implemented at a controlled data sharing server (see,e.g., FIG. 1, controlled data sharing server 104). However, the servermay or may not maintain personal information in the anonymous personalinformation data store 406, and may or may not maintain some or allpersonal information provided from a user to a third party.

The network interface 402 can include various hardware and/or softwarecomponents, as described later with reference to FIGS. 7 and 8. Thenetwork interface 402 is coupled to the personal informationanonymization engine 404 and the aliased enterprise-specific personalinformation provisioning engine 412.

In the example of FIG. 4, in operation, the system 400 receives data onthe network interface 402. To the extent the data includes personalinformation, the personal information anonymization engine 404 storesthe personal information in the anonymous personal information datastore 406 to which it is coupled. Rather than personal information, thedata could include data fields or containers that are associated withpersonal information. The user profile data store 408, also coupled tothe personal information anonymization engine 404, can include a recordassociated with a particular user that enables the container to befilled with data from the user profile data store 408.

Alternatively, the system 400 could enable aliasing without storing anypersonal information, but in such an implementation, it may not be ableto push messages to the user; the user would perhaps have to login tothe controlled data management site. However, it is reasonably likelythat the user will have to provide personal information to third partiesif none is stored at the controlled data management system. If, on theother hand, at least some personal information is stored at thecontrolled data management system, third party entities may trust that auser is real by virtue of the fact that the user is registered with acontrolled data management system and perhaps enable a user to provideonly dummy values or aliases instead of personal information.

Alternatively, it may be desirable to implement a system in which no orrelatively little personal information is provided to third partyentities. In such an implementation, the fact that the user has a userprofile can serve as adequate evidence that the user is real. In thisway, sites that rely upon personal information to certify a user couldrely instead upon the independent server to confirm that the user shouldbe allowed access to a particular service without requiring that anypersonal information actually be sent. Depending upon theimplementation, the container could be filled with dummy values,aliases, or left empty.

One field of personal information that is of particular significance forelectronic correspondence is the email address of the user (for mobilecommunications implementations, the mobile phone number of a user is ofparticular significance). The personal email address of the user is notprovided to third parties, and may or may not be stored in the userprofile data store 408. Instead, the personal information anonymizationengine 404 generates an alias for the user, which is stored in theenterprise-specific alias data store 410 to which it is coupled. Inorder for the system 400 to be able to generate the alias for each thirdparty entity, the user must somehow (the technique can depend upon theimplementation) inform the system that personal information is to beprovided to an enterprise. This could be providing a URL associated withthe enterprise to the system 400. For illustrative simplicity, it isassumed that the URL or other identifying data is included in the dataprovided from the user to the personal information anonymization engine404 or can be found in the user profile data store 408 and identifiedusing user-provided data. The URL could also be obtained through thirdparty entity subscription to the controlled data management system, andimplicated by identifying the user at the third party entity sitethrough the use of a browser plug-in, notification by the third partyentity, or the like. To avoid that the user is asked to alias emailanytime entering it (e.g., at login), the URLs passed to the system 400could be classified and identified over time. If the user is asked inerror to alias one email, the user could be offered an option to reportit to the system, which can then improve over time.

Advantageously, an alias is generated for each third party entity (orgroup of entities). So if a third party entity shares data with otherparties that attempt to contact the user, the controlled data managementsystem will be able to detect that the entity-specific alias is beingused by a party for which the alias was not generated. The controlleddata management system and/or the user can then decide how to treat thethird party that shared personal information and/or the other party thatpresumably obtained the personal information from the third party.

It may be noted that in an implementation that includes providing actualpersonal information, such as name, phone number, or the like, thepersonal information is still referred to as “anonymous” in this paperwhen the email alias is provided in lieu of an actual personal emailaddress. While it may be possible to track down a user for which anenterprise has a name or other personal information, the email addresscan be maintained in secret. Thus, the term “anonymous,” as used in thispaper, can refer to complete anonymity when no personal information isprovided, some anonymity when only a subset of requested data isprovided, and at least email anonymity when all requested personalinformation is provided (where a requested email address is replacedwith an alias email address). Where a distinction between the levels ofanonymity is desired, “complete anonymity” can refer to when no personalinformation is provided to an enterprise and “email anonymity” can referto when at least the email address of the user is replaced with an aliasemail address. It is also possible to have “phone anonymity,” or morespecifically “mobile phone anonymity,” or some other form of anonymityassociated with a particular personal information field that is replacedwith an alias value or otherwise withheld.

In the example of FIG. 4, the aliased enterprise-specific personalinformation provisioning engine 412, which is coupled to the personalinformation anonymization engine 404, combines personal information fromthe anonymous personal information data store 406 with the relevantemail alias from the enterprise-specific alias data store 410. Thealiased enterprise-specific personal information provisioning engine 412sends the data to the relevant enterprise via the network interface 402.As was previously mentioned, the personal information can include emptycontainers, dummy values, or aliases; and the user may provide thepersonal information without passing the information through thecontrolled data management system. Also, in a specific implementation,the enterprise-specific personal information alias provisioning engine412 can provide the alias to the user so that the user can give thealias in association with any other personal information to a thirdparty entity without the system 400 getting involved in the registrationprocedure. The alias will still result in correspondence from the thirdparty entity coming to the controlled data management system foranalysis and forwarding to the user, and the user may wish to correspondwith the third party entity by sending a message to the controlled datamanagement system, which can replace the user's contact information withthe relevant alias. This may or may not include filtering emailsignatures for contact information that is not aliased, and eitherremoving or replacing the items in accordance with user preferences, oralerting the user that a message may include sensitive information.

FIG. 5 depicts an example of an alias-aware email server system 500.When an alias email address is used instead of a personal email addressto register or update a profile on a site, and if the site sells orprovides such information to another company that uses the email aliasto contact the user (perhaps without having received authorization), theuser can learn of this event using the alias-aware email server system500. This can enable the user to identify the company that sent theemail and the company that shared the information. Then, the user canact as the user deems appropriate, such as by blocking emails from thenew company and/or contacting the entity that shared the information tocomplain. Of course, this service operates in cascade (Company A sellsto Company B email—sending a message—which in turn sells to CompanyC—which sends a message—etc . . . ). It may be noted that most of thetime companies that share personal information are within their rightsbecause the practice is mentioned in their terms of use, but the user isnot necessarily aware.

In the example of FIG. 5, the alias-aware email server system 500includes a network interface 502, an email server 504, an emailmonitoring engine 506, an enterprise-specific email alias data store508, a user preferences data store 510, an email handling rules datastore 512, and an email personalization engine 514. The networkinterface 502 can include various hardware and/or software components,as described later with reference to FIGS. 7 and 8. The networkinterface 502 is coupled to the email server 504.

In the example of FIG. 5, the email server 504 is coupled to the emailmonitoring engine 506 and the email personalization engine 514. Theemail server 504 is operable to receive email from an enterprise via thenetwork interface 502 and to send personalized email to a user via thenetwork interface 502. In a specific implementation in which the userassociates a personal email with an email alias, an independent emailanalysis engine can perform without substituting for a mail server tooffer users a personalized and useful “reading” of commercial messages.So the mail server could be implemented on a third party machine, andthe email server 504 could be referred to as an “email monitoringserver.”

In the example of FIG. 5, the email monitoring engine 506 is coupled tothe enterprise-specific email alias data store 508, the user preferencesdata store 510, and the email handling rules data store 512. It isassumed for illustrative purposes that a personal information aliasingsystem (see, e.g., FIG. 2, system 200) was used to create an email aliasfor a user. Since the email alias is specific to a particular entity,the email monitoring engine 506 can map the email destination of anemail received from an enterprise to a particular user using theenterprise-specific email alias data store 508. The email monitoringengine 506 can make a determination based upon the source of thereceived email as to whether the email is from the entity with which theemail alias is associated. Thus, the email monitoring engine 506 can actas a warning system that an alias has been compromised.

The email monitoring engine 506 can check the user preferences datastore 510 and the email handing rules data store 512 to determine how totreat the received email message. For example, if user preferencesindicate that the email alias is no longer active due to a time limit onthe life of the email alias, the email monitoring engine 506 can filterthe email.

As another example, if the email alias is apparently from an entityother than the entity with which the alias is associated, the emailmonitoring engine 506 can handle the email in accordance with userpreferences and take other actions in accordance with email handlingrules, such as notifying the (first) entity associated with the alias tofind out why a second entity used the email alias. Use of the emailalias by the second entity can be indicative of sharing of personalinformation. User preferences may include a preference to be notifiedwhen an email alias is used by an entity with which it is notassociated. Since, in a specific implementation, the user has access toa list of entities that have sent an email without receiving the user'sspecific consent (a priori), the user can set a preference to cause theemail monitoring engine 506 to act as spam filter on one or more thesecompanies. More generally, a user may be able to set preferences tofilter any email coming from a specific company.

As another example, the email monitoring engine 506 can store dataassociated with the email in a historical data store (not shown). ForE-Commerce sites on which a user has given an email alias and made apurchase, the email monitoring engine 506 can analyze the content ofconfirmation emails sent each time a purchase is made, and facilitateaccess by the users to a synthetic view of all Internet purchases forthe week, month, quarter, year. This can give a clear view of spendingper type of product, give a clear view of family spending, and allowidentification of fraud, which is starting to be a big problem fordetection purposes when expenditures are for small amounts, such asiTunes songs.

Historical data can also be used for promotions. For example, through asearch engine interface, a user can be presented with promotionsconcerning a particular type of product/brand. This could be a synthesisof promotions for a particular product/brand by user interest aspredicted by the historical data.

In the example of FIG. 5, the email personalization engine 514 iscoupled to the email server 504, the email monitoring engine 506, theenterprise-specific email data store 508, and the user preferences datastore 510. When a user sends an email to a third party entity, the emailpersonalization engine 514 can remove sensitive information, replace thesensitive information with dummy values or aliases, or the like. Whilethe email personalization engine 514 can be configured to automaticallyidentify certain character strings that are likely to include sensitiveinformation, such as email addresses, URLs, phone numbers, credit cardnumbers, or other character strings that have distinctive formats, themore information that a user provides to the controlled data managementsystem, the more effective the email personalization engine 514 can beat anonymizing information. For example, if the email personalizationengine knows the phone number of the user and also knows that the thirdparty entity to which an email is being sent has a dummy value for thephone number, the email personalization engine 514 can replace a phonenumber in the signature block of the email with the dummy value(presumably in accordance with user preferences).

When a user receives email from a third party entity, the emailpersonalization engine 514 can update the email with useful information.For example, the user's email alias can be replaced with the user'sactual email address so that the message can be sent to the user, theenterprise-specific email alias data store 508 can be consulted toconfirm that the email comes from the entity with which the alias isassociated and take corrective actions if the alias is not associatedwith the sender, a trust indicator can be included in the email toindicate the level of trust the controlled data management system hasregarding the third party entity (e.g., if other users are receivingspam from a first entity to an alias that was provided to a secondentity, the trust in the second entity can be reduced even before thecurrent user receives the spam; and/or the indicator could show that thethird party entity is not a subscriber to the controlled data managementsystem, has declined to become a subscriber, or is a subscriber),relevant historical information or analysis can be included (e.g., lasttransaction(s) with the company, the last 4 numbers of the credit cardused in the transaction, the total amount of transactions with thecompany, the recent amount of transactions with the company, etc.),custom hyperlinks to words that are of relevance to the controlled datamanagement system (e.g., user aliases or dummy values can be hyperlinkedto enable the user to access the actual values, values that do notappear to have been provided by the user to the third party entity couldbe hyperlinked to enable the user to update containers or values at thecontrolled data management system or to take other actions if the thirdparty entity should not have had the information), aliases or dummyvalues could be replaced or the actual values could be addedparenthetically next to the aliases or dummy values, or the like.

In a specific implementation, a system similar to the system 500, butfor phone applications that alias the user's phone number instead of theuser's email address could be used. Other similar systems, such as ageographic address system, could also be implemented. And the varioussystems could be combined to enable multiple aliases for various contactor other identifying information.

FIG. 6 depicts an example of a system 600 for providing services to auser of a controlled data management system. In the example of FIG. 6,the system 600 includes a network interface 602, a registration engine604, a content providing engine 606, a testimonial engine 608, a mypersonal data module 610, a list of data holders module 612, a spamanalysis and filtering module 614, an ecommerce analysis module 616, amarket place module 618, a product search module 620, and an enterpreferences module 622. Advantageously, since users can protect theiridentities effectively using aliases, a market place can be built on topof a system that makes use of the techniques described in this paper.Personal data need not actually be stored on a centralized server (e.g.,it could be stored on a personal computer and provided as needed using aplug-in, or in some other manner, such as described elsewhere in thispaper).

In the example of FIG. 6, the network interface 602 is coupled to theregistration engine 604. An example of a registration engine wasdescribed previously (see, e.g., FIG. 3, user registration engine 312).

In the example of FIG. 6, the network interface 602 is coupled to thecontent providing engine 606. The content providing engine 606 canprovide users with, potentially among others, options for managing theirpersonal information. For example the content providing engine 606 canenable a user to select a “List of Data Holders” to view personal dataheld by a site, either in general or specifically with respect to theuser, and a link to access it. As another example that is of particularrelevance to ecommerce sites, when a user buys something, an emailmonitoring engine can analyze an email sent by an ecommerce site suchthat the user can view a synthesis of a latest purchase, or acombination of purchases, using “eCommerce Analysis.” As anotherexample, the content providing engine 606 can enable “Spam Analysis,”which can be a highlighted menu option when there is something new inthe spam analysis folder. If a first site to which the user has givenpersonal information shares the information with a second site that thenuses an alias that is associated with the first site, an emailmonitoring engine can detect the use of the alias by the second site.The user can select an appropriate action or preference in associationwith spam.

In the example of FIG. 6, the network interface 602 is coupled to thetestimonial engine 608. The testimonial engine 608 can enable a user torecommend the controlled data management system to a friend throughfacebook, twitter, or some other recommendation channel. The testimonialengine 608 can also facilitate entry of recommendations or comments onthird party entity subscribers, products, etc. to the system.

In the example of FIG. 6, the my personal data module 610 is coupled tothe content providing engine 606. The content providing engine 606 canuse the module to provide access to the personal data that theindividual has entered (e.g., email, country, mobile phone number,etc.). As with each of the modules, and in general any module describedin this paper, the module can be treated as part of an engine, such asthe content providing engine 606. The modules can also be representativeof buttons or menu options on a website or other display.

In the example of FIG. 6, the list of data holders module 612 is coupledto the content providing engine 606. The content providing engine 606can use the module to enable a user to see a list of companies that areholding his personal information and which fields are being held for aparticular company (either displayed in the list or when the company isselected from the list to display more detail). The user may also beable to see what fields are required at the company, which are optional,which are filled with dummy values (assuming the controlled datamanagement system knows which values are dummy values), which arealiases, which are null (e.g., if the third party data holder is knownto collect a particular data field, but do not have data in that fieldfor the user), or the like. Depending upon the capabilities of thesystem 600, a user may be able to take some actions in association withthe data holders, such as unsubscribe to newsletter/promotions; opt outfrom their database; opt out of behavioral tracking (cookies, . . . );rate the company; agree to send an updated profile to the company (whenchanging an address, phone number, etc . . . ); or the like.

In the example of FIG. 6, the spam analysis and filtering module 614 iscoupled to the content providing engine 606. The content providingengine 606 can use the module to enable a user to see a list ofcompanies that are using an alias incorrectly (e.g., sending an email toan alias email address that is not associated with the company), appearto be sharing personal information with other companies (e.g., because asecond company has used an email alias associated with the firstcompany), etc. The user may also be able to set filtering preferencesfor the companies in particular, or more generally for any company thatmisuses an alias or appears to be sharing personal information. Thus,the content providing engine 606 can act as an identity-compromisedwarning system. In a specific implementation, the system 600 can have acentralized content providing engine associated with multiple usersthat, without sharing information between users, can identifyidentity-compromising trends and alert other users so that they can beproactive regarding an identity-compromising risk.

In the example of FIG. 6, the ecommerce analysis module 616 is coupledto the content providing engine 606. The content providing engine 606can use the module to analyze emails from an ecommerce site associatedwith user purchases, provide historical buying habits and amounts in aconvenient format, or the like.

In the example of FIG. 6, the market place module 618 is coupled to thecontent providing engine 606. The content providing engine 606 can usethe module to empower a user to treat the user's personal information asan asset. For example, the module can facilitate selling personal dataor statistical data in the user profile, viewing offers for personal orstatistical data, managing engagements with third party entities towhich the user has given personal information, or the like.

The cost of acquiring personal information from users will likely dependupon the level of acceptance. Factors can include: whether a user agreesto enter a relationship with an entity and give some personal data;whether a user agrees to be targeted (advertising) based on hisbehavior; whether a user agrees to be targeted according to his location(mobile); whether a user communicates more personal information(interests, hobbies, . . . ); or the like.

For third party entities, the Market Place would enable them to offerqualified contacts search, such as, for example, “I am looking for women20 to 25 year old from London who are interested in . . . .” In aparticular implementation, the third party entities can pay thecontrolled data management system per qualified contact depending on thelevel of personal data shared by the individual and his commitment, andthe country. This payment is only related to recruitment and does notinclude the payment/offer proposed by the company in exchange for, e.g.,user participation in a study, additional personal information, jobs,etc. It may be desirable for the controlled data management system tostay out of the middle of a relationship between a user and a thirdparty entity. In the case of a user profile's auction (personal orstatistical data), the company wishing to access this auction place mayhave to pay a monthly subscription of

y.

The controlled data management system can, for example, give back X %recruitment fee to users who are paying for services. The math for the X% can depend, for example, on the level of individual monthly charge,such as 50% if the user is paying under $2 per month, 70% if he's payingbetween $2 and $5 a month, and 90% if he's paying more than $5 a month.These numbers are provided by way of example only.

In the example of FIG. 6, the product search module 620 is coupled tothe content providing engine 606. The content providing engine 606 canuse the module to facilitate product searches with a search engine, usehistorical data to recommend similar products to those that have beenpurchased before, make price comparisons, or the like. Advantageously,the system 600 can use certain of the user's preferences and personaldata to gather data on products or solicit offers using a temporaryalias that ceases to be used after a time period set by the user. Thecontent providing engine 606 can also use the module to set up a“Promotions Place” where the user can go to view promotions and havecontrol over the promotions that are displayed. In a specificimplementation, the personal page of a user is free of advertisingexcept in the Market Place and the Promotions Place. However, in analternative, the promotions could be displayed on a user's personalpage.

In the product search arena, a search engine will allow users to receivecurrent promotions (banners or sponsored links) according to criteriathey have entered (products, types of specific products, etc.) includinga time (interest from . . . to . . . ). There could be some restrictionsregarding from whom the users want to receive advertising and/orpromotions (only favorite brands, those recommended by the usercommunity, etc.). Advertisers/brands will pay to be positioned in thesearch and promote their products and the value will be higher as thetarget will be confident and in control.

Controlled data management system users can be compensated forsubscribing to a paid service X % (or some other amount) of what anentity has paid to the controlled data management system to be on thesearch results or has paid for acquisition of customer data. Thus, auser can be compensated for providing personal information. The math forthe X % can depend, for example, on the level of individual monthlycharge. These numbers are provided by way of example only.

In the example of FIG. 6, the enter preferences module 622 is coupled tothe content providing engine 606. The content providing engine 606 canuse the module to receive preferences from the user regarding anyactions or choices not described previously.

One or more of the modules can have parts that are free to users andparts that are paid-for. In a specific implementation, the user can getadditional services for sharing personal information. Alternatively, theuser could simply be paid for sharing the personal information. Anexample of what could be provided for free in a particularimplementation includes a data sharing transparency engine on a usermachine facilitating: automatic data collection for registered emailaddress(es) of registered users, data storage, email management,generation of enterprise-specific email aliases, routing email sent tothe alias to the user's personal address, information (e.g., use ofcookies, average rates, color-coding of sites based on controlled datamanagement certification, community feedback, etc.).

An example of what could be provided for free in a particularimplementation includes a controlled data sharing server facilitating:registration of users; access to process downloads; access to a list ofdata holders; access to what personal information is held by each of alist of data holders; access to subscriptions to recurrent newsletters,mailing lists, or the like; access to whether a site uses cookies orother tracking devices and why; access to a link to go to a profilemanagement page; access to a testimonial page to rate sites in terms oftrust, reputation, appreciation, quality of site, etc.; access to theaggregate rate of testimonials based on controlled data managementmember input; access to entity lists of entities that are apparentlysharing personal information or using an alias that was not assigned tothem.

An example of what could be provided for a fee in a particularimplementation includes a data sharing transparency engine on a usermachine that facilitates user and password management for a family orgroup. This can enable the system to provide aggregated information onspending, buying habits, or the like for the family or group.

An example of what could be provided for a fee in a particularimplementation includes a controlled data sharing server facilitating:stopping receipt of information from one or more entities; asking anentity to delete a profile (possibly excluding relationships for whichthe profile is required, such as banks, Internet providers, mobileoperators, etc.), though the system will not necessarily be capable ofenforcing deletion of a profile at an entity unless the entity consents;viewing the aggregate rate of reputation/appreciation based on communityinput; allowing one or more sites to track behavior for advertising orother in accordance with user preferences, and possibly including havingthe entity compensate the user for allowing them to track behavior;analyzing ecommerce email transactions with detail synthesis ofpurchases per week, month, year, type of product, brand, etc.; providinga household view of expenses including consolidation of emails under afamily nickname if each member uses an email alias for ecommerce sites;allowing parents to obtain information on where their children havegiven personal data and what they have disclosed.

Known or convenient payment systems, perhaps through third parties,could be employed to enable users to pay for services or to be creditedfor sale of their personal or statistical information. It is alsopossible to charge and credit users on their mobile accounts, probablythrough mobile operators.

It may be desirable to partner with third parties such as mobile serviceproviders so that they would offer those services to theirMobile/Internet Subscribers. Indeed, this type of service would be ofvalue to the operators at least because it would allow them tostrengthen their image in the “touchy” arena of privacy while allowingthem to collect additional revenues associated with value addedservices.

Those services would then be directly charged on individuals mobilephones bills and there could be a revenue share between the controlleddata management system and the operators. On the other hand, for acompensation mechanism that would allow to credit the individual on hismobile account when he will sell is his personal data, the net resultbetween Paid services and Personal data sales would appear as a “+” or“−” on his mobile phone bill. This could mean that the controlled datamanagement system might not have to store or manage bank details ofusers and would definitely make sense for people who don't have a bankaccount but have a mobile phone bill.

The following description of FIGS. 7A and 7B is intended to provide anoverview of computer hardware and other operating components suitablefor performing the techniques described in this paper. The computerhardware and other operating components may be suitable as part of theapparatuses implementing the techniques described in this paper. Thetechniques can be practiced with other computer system configurations,including hand-held devices, multiprocessor systems,microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, network PCs,minicomputers, mainframe computers, wireless devices, and the like. Thetechniques can also be practiced in distributed computing environmentswhere tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linkedthrough a communications network.

FIG. 7A depicts a system on which a framework for controlled datamanagement system can be implemented. FIG. 7A depicts a networked system700 that includes several computer systems coupled together through anetwork 702, such as the Internet. The term “Internet” as used hereinrefers to a network of networks which uses certain protocols, such asthe TCP/IP protocol, and possibly other protocols such as the hypertexttransfer protocol (HTTP) for hypertext markup language (HTML) documentsthat make up the World Wide Web (the web). The physical connections ofthe Internet and the protocols and communication procedures of theInternet are well known to those of skill in the relevant art.

The web server 704 is typically at least one computer system thatoperates as a server computer system and is configured to operate withthe protocols of the world wide web and is coupled to the Internet. Theweb server system 704 can be a conventional server computer system.Optionally, the web server 704 can be part of an ISP which providesaccess to the Internet for client systems. The web server 704 is showncoupled to the server computer system 706 which itself is coupled to webcontent 708, which can be considered a media data store. While twocomputer systems 704 and 706 are shown in FIG. 7A, the web server system704 and the server computer system 706 can be one computer system havingdifferent software components implemented on hardware and providing theweb server functionality and the server functionality provided by theserver computer system 706, which will be described further below.

Access to the network 702 is typically provided by Internet serviceproviders (ISPs), such as the ISPs 710 and 716. It is also possible touse Mobile and Mobile Network operators that deliver fixed Internetconnections. In the case of Mobile, access to the Internet is oftenthrough 3 G, 4 G, GPRS, EDGE, etc. Also, Wifi is a way to access theInternet that is provided differently. A person of skill in the relevantart will recognize that known and convenient ways to access the Internetcan be used. Users on client systems, such as client computer systems712, 718, 722, and 726 obtain access to the Internet through the ISPs710 and 716. Access to the Internet allows users of the client computersystems to exchange information, receive and send e-mails, and viewdocuments, such as documents which have been prepared in the HTMLformat. These documents are often provided by web servers, such as webserver 704, which are referred to as being “on” the Internet. Oftenthese web servers are provided by the ISPs, such as ISP 710, although acomputer system can be set up and connected to the Internet without thatsystem also being an ISP. In the case of Mobile, sometimes anapplication server, rather than a Web Server is used, and this may bethe case for PC applications, such as iTunes, games, etc. that are notusing any web server nor a browser. A person of skill in the relevantart will recognize that applications are increasing and can use known orconvenient technologies to obtain documents.

Client computer systems 712, 718, 722, and 726 can each, with theappropriate web browsing software, view HTML pages provided by the webserver 704. The ISP 710 provides Internet connectivity to the clientcomputer system 712 through the modem interface 714, which can beconsidered part of the client computer system 712. A person of skill inthe relevant art will recognize that the connection mechanisms, such asmodem interface 714, can be modified or replaced with known orconvenient technologies to make use of various networks, such as GPRS,EDGE, 3 G, 4 G, etc. The client computer system can be a personalcomputer system, a network computer, a web TV system, or other computersystem. While FIG. 7A shows the modem interface 714 generically as a“modem,” the interface can be an analog modem, isdn modem, cable modem,satellite transmission interface (e.g. “direct PC”), or other interfacefor coupling a computer system to other computer systems.

Similar to the ISP 714, the ISP 716 provides Internet connectivity forclient systems 718, 722, and 726, although as shown in FIG. 7A, theconnections are not the same for these three computer systems. Clientcomputer system 718 is coupled through a modem interface 720 whileclient computer systems 722 and 726 are part of a LAN 730.

Client computer systems 722 and 726 are coupled to the LAN 730 throughnetwork interfaces 724 and 728, which can be Ethernet or other networkinterfaces. The LAN 730 is also coupled to a gateway computer system 732which can provide firewall and other Internet-related services for thelocal area network. This gateway computer system 732 is coupled to theISP 716 to provide Internet connectivity to the client computer systems722 and 726. The gateway computer system 732 can be a conventionalserver computer system.

Alternatively, a server computer system 734 can be directly coupled tothe LAN 730 through a network interface 736 to provide files 738 andother services to the clients 722 and 726, without the need to connectto the Internet through the gateway system 732.

FIG. 7B depicts a computer system 740 for use in the system 700 (FIG.7A). The computer system 740 may be a conventional computer system thatcan be used as a client computer system or a server computer system oras a web server system. Such a computer system can be used to performmany of the functions of an Internet service provider, such as ISP 710(FIG. 7A).

In the example of FIG. 7B, the computer system 740 includes a computer742, I/O devices 744, and a display device 746. The computer 742includes a processor 748, a communications interface 750, memory 752,display controller 754, non-volatile storage 756, and I/O controller758. The computer system 740 may be couple to or include the I/O devices744 and display device 746.

The computer 742 interfaces to external systems through thecommunications interface 750, which may include a modem or networkinterface. It will be appreciated that the communications interface 750can be considered to be part of the computer system 740 or a part of thecomputer 742. A computer can include Mobile and any other connecteddevice that has a processor. The communications interface can be ananalog modem, ISDN modem, cable modem, token ring interface, satellitetransmission interface (e.g. “direct PC”), or other interfaces forcoupling a computer system to other computer systems.

The processor 748 may be, for example, a conventional microprocessorsuch as an Intel Pentium microprocessor or Motorola power PCmicroprocessor, or some other conventional or unconventional processor.The memory 752 is coupled to the processor 748 by a bus 760. The memory752 can be dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and can also includestatic ram (SRAM). The bus 760 couples the processor 748 to the memory752, also to the non-volatile storage 756, to the display controller754, and to the I/O controller 758.

The I/O devices 744 can include a keyboard, disk drives, printers, ascanner, and other input and output devices, including a mouse or otherpointing device. The display controller 754 may control in theconventional manner a display on the display device 746, which can be,for example, a cathode ray tube (CRT) or liquid crystal display (LCD).The display controller 754 and the I/O controller 758 can be implementedwith applicable known or convenient technology.

The non-volatile storage 756 is often a magnetic hard disk, an opticaldisk, or another form of storage for large amounts of data. Some of thisdata is often written, by a direct memory access process, into memory752 during execution of software in the computer 742. Objects, methods,inline caches, cache states and other object-oriented components may bestored in the non-volatile storage 756, or written into memory 752during execution of, for example, an object-oriented software program.In this way, the components illustrated in, for example, FIGS. 1-6 canbe instantiated on the computer system 740.

The computer system 740 is one example of many possible computer systemswhich have different architectures. For example, personal computersbased on an Intel microprocessor often have multiple buses, one of whichcan be an I/O bus for the peripherals and one that directly connects theprocessor 748 and the memory 752 (often referred to as a memory bus).The buses are connected together through bridge components that performany necessary translation due to differing bus protocols.

Network computers are another type of computer system that can be usedto implement techniques described in this paper. Network computers donot usually include a hard disk or other mass storage, and theexecutable programs are loaded from a network connection into the memory752 for execution by the processor 748. A Web TV system is alsoconsidered to be a computer system, but it may lack some of the featuresshown in FIG. 7B, such as certain input or output devices. A typicalcomputer system will usually include at least a processor, memory, and abus coupling the memory to the processor.

In addition, the computer system 740 is controlled by operating systemsoftware which includes a file management system, such as a diskoperating system, which is part of the operating system software. Oneexample of an operating system software with its associated filemanagement system software is the family of operating systems known asWindows® from Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash., and theirassociated file management systems. Another example of operating systemsoftware with its associated file management system software is theLinux operating system and its associated file management system. Thefile management system is typically stored in the non-volatile storage756 and causes the processor 748 to execute the various acts required bythe operating system to input and output data and to store data inmemory, including storing files on the non-volatile storage 756.

FIGS. 8A to 8C depict examples of aliasing systems 800A to 800C withvariations in the locality of the components. In the example of FIG. 8A,the system 800A includes a client device 802, a controlled datamanagement system 804, a third party device 806, and a message server808. In the example of FIG. 8A, the client device 802 is coupled to thecontrolled data management system 804, the third party device 806, andthe message server 808. The client device 802 is association with a userthat has associated personal information, and can be similar to themaster client 106 of FIG. 1.

In the example of FIG. 8A, the controlled data management system 804includes an alias generation engine 810, an alias data store 812, and analias agent engine 814. In the example of FIG. 8A, the alias generationengine 810 is coupled to the client device 802 and the alias agentengine 814 is coupled to the third party device 806 and the messageserver 808. The alias generation engine 810 can generate an alias from akey value. In the example of FIG. 8A, the client device 802 provides thekey value, which can include a contact value such as an email address ora phone number, to the alias generation engine 810; the alias generationengine 810 generates an alias from the key value, which is stored in thealias data store 812 and also provided to the client device 802. Thealias is specific to an entity that is associated with the third partydevice 806. The alias agent engine 814 can receive a message to thealias and change the contact value of the alias to the key value.

In the example of FIG. 8A, the client device 802 or an associated devicereceives the alias from the alias generation engine 810 and provides atleast the alias, and potentially other personal information, such as auserid, password, or other data, to the third party device 806.Regardless of whether other personal information is included, the dataprovided to the third party device 806 can be referred to as aliasedpersonal information because it includes at least the alias.

In the example of FIG. 8A, the third party device 806 receives thealiased personal information. Presumably the third party device 806 willstore some or all of the aliased personal information in a data store(not shown). Since the alias includes a contact value, the third partydevice 806, or an associated device, can use the alias to send a messageto a user associated with the client device 802. In the example of FIG.8A, the third party device 806 sends a message to the alias, which isreceived at the alias agent engine 814.

In the example of FIG. 8A, the alias agent engine 814 uses the aliasdata store 812 to find a key value associated with the alias for themessage sent from the third party device 806 or an associated device tothe alias. The alias agent engine 814 can provide additional informationin the message, such as the source of the message to the alias. Sincethe alias is entity-specific, if the source of the message to the aliasis from an entity that is not associated with the third party device,then the alias agent engine 814 can determine that the alias was used byan entity other than the one to which the alias was provided in thealiased personal information. The alias agent engine 814 can include ina message to the key value destination that the alias was used by anentity other than the entity for which the alias was generated. In aspecific implementation, the alias agent engine 814 can take action,such as filtering the message, in accordance with user preferences.

In the example of FIG. 8A, the message server 808 is coupled to theclient device 802 and the alias agent engine 814. In the example of FIG.8A, the message server 808 receives the message to the key valuedestination that was sent by the alias agent engine 814. The message tothe key value destination can then be sent to the client device 802 oran associated device. A user can compare the source of the message tothe alias, or the information that is added to the message to the keyvalue destination regarding the source of the message to the alias. Inthis way, the user can determine whether the entity that sent themessage to the alias is the entity that is associated with the alias,and take action as the user deems appropriate.

Advantageously, the system 800A can accomplish controlled datamanagement with relatively little personal information stored at thecontrolled data management system 804. At a minimum, the controlled datamanagement system 804 can maintain only the key value and anyentity-specific aliases that are generated for the key value. It islikely that the controlled data management system 804 will include someother information, such as a user name and password for the userassociated with the client device 802, to enable the user to manage acontrolled data management account, but this is not absolutely necessaryfor the functionality described.

FIG. 8B depicts an example of a system 800B that stores somewhat morepersonal information at a controlled data management system. In theexample of FIG. 8B, the system 800B includes a client device 822, acontrolled data management system 824, a third party device 826, and amessage server 828. In the example of FIG. 8B, the client device 822 iscoupled to the controlled data management system 824, the third partydevice 826, and the message server 828. The client device 822 isassociation with a user that has associated personal information, andcan be similar to the master client 106 of FIG. 1.

In the example of FIG. 8B, the controlled data management system 824includes an alias generation engine 830, an alias data store 832, analiased information provisioning engine 834, a personal information datastore 836, and an alias agent engine 838. In the example of FIG. 8B, thealias generation engine 830 is coupled to the client device 822; thealias data store 832 is coupled to the alias generation engine 830, thealiased information provisioning engine 834, and the alias agent engine838; the aliased information provisioning engine 834 is coupled to theclient device 822, the personal information data store 836, and thethird party device 826; and the alias agent engine 838 is coupled to thethird party device 826 and the message server 828.

The alias generation engine 830 can generate an alias from a key value.In the example of FIG. 8B, the client device 822 provides the key value,which can include a contact value such as an email address or a phonenumber, to the alias generation engine 820; the alias generation engine820 generates an alias from the key value, which is stored in the aliasdata store 832. The alias is specific to an entity that is associatedwith the third party device 826. The aliased information provisioningengine 834 can receive personal information from the client device 822or an associated device and store the personal information in thepersonal information data store 836. The aliased informationprovisioning engine 834 can also use the alias in the alias data storeand personal information provided by the client device 822 and/or thatis stored in the personal information data store 836 to generate aliasedpersonal information appropriate for provisioning to an entity that isassociated with the alias. The alias agent engine 838 can receive amessage to the alias and change the contact value of the alias to thekey value.

In the example of FIG. 8B, the aliased information provisioning engine834 obtains the alias from the alias data store 832 and potentiallyother personal information, such as a userid, password, or other data,from the client device 822 and/or the personal information data store836 and provides aliased personal information to the third party device826. Regardless of whether other personal information is included, thedata provided to the third party device 826 can be referred to asaliased personal information because it includes at least the alias.

In the example of FIG. 8B, the third party device 826 receives thealiased personal information. Presumably the third party device 826 willstore some or all of the aliased personal information in a data store(not shown). Since the alias includes a contact value, the third partydevice 826, or an associated device, can use the alias to send a messageto a user associated with the client device 822. In the example of FIG.8B, the third party device 826 sends a message to the alias, which isreceived at the alias agent engine 838.

In the example of FIG. 8B, the alias agent engine 838 uses the aliasdata store 832 to find a key value associated with the alias for themessage sent from the third party device 826 or an associated device tothe alias. The alias agent engine 838 can provide additional informationin the message, such as the source of the message to the alias. Sincethe alias is entity-specific, if the source of the message to the aliasis from an entity that is not associated with the third party device,then the alias agent engine 838 can determine that the alias was used byan entity other than the one to which the alias was provided in thealiased personal information. The alias agent engine 838 can include ina message to the key value destination that the alias was used by anentity other than the entity for which the alias was generated. In aspecific implementation, the alias agent engine 838 can take action,such as filtering the message, in accordance with user preferences.

In the example of FIG. 8B, the message server 828 is coupled to theclient device 822 and the alias agent engine 838. In the example of FIG.8B, the message server 828 receives the message to the key valuedestination that was sent by the alias agent engine 838. The message tothe key value destination can then be sent to the client device 822 oran associated device. A user can compare the source of the message tothe alias, or the information that is added to the message to the keyvalue destination regarding the source of the message to the alias. Inthis way, the user can determine whether the entity that sent themessage to the alias is the entity that is associated with the alias,and take action as the user deems appropriate.

FIG. 8C depicts an example of a system 800C that includes a data sharingtransparency engine at a client device. In the example of FIG. 8C, thesystem 800C includes an entity profiling system 842, client device 844,a third party system 846, and a controlled data management system 848. Amessage server (not shown) could also be coupled between the clientdevice 844 and the controlled data management system 848 (see, e.g.,FIGS. 8A and 8B).

In the example of FIG. 8C, the entity profiling system 842 includes anentity profile generation engine 850 and an entity profile data store852. The entity profile generation engine 850 is capable of generating aprofile for an entity by receiving information from the entity when theentity subscribes to a service, by searching for publicly availableinformation about the entity, by receiving information from users aboutthe entity, or through some other convenient procedure. The entityprofile generation engine 850 can store relevant information about theentity in the entity profile data store 852. In a specificimplementation, some or all of the entity profile data store 852 can belocated on the client device 844 (not shown).

In the example of FIG. 8C, the client device 844 includes a sitelabeling engine 854, a navigation engine 856, an alias generation engine858, an alias mod data store 860, an aliased information provisioningengine 862, a user profile mod data store 864, and a message receptionengine 866. In the example of FIG. 8C, the site labeling engine 854 iscoupled to the entity profile data store 852 and the navigation engine856; the navigation engine 856 is coupled to the third party system 846;the alias generation engine 858 is coupled to the third party system 846and the alias mod data store 860; the aliased information provisioningengine 862 is coupled to the third party system 846, the alias mod datastore 860, the user profile mod data store 864, and the controlled datamanagement system 848; and the message reception engine is coupled tothe controlled data management system 848.

The site labeling engine 854 can use data about an entity from theentity profile data store 852 to provide a user information about theentity. When the information is provided within a device that iscurrently viewing a location of an entity, such as a website associatedwith the entity, the information can be characterized as a label. Labelscan indicate whether an entity is known to the controlled datamanagement system, declines to participate in controlled datamanagement, shares personal information with affiliates or otherparties, is a controlled data management system subscriber, or otherinformation that is deemed appropriate. The navigation engine 856 can(virtually) affix the label to a location of the entity, such as byproviding a menu option in a browser that, when chosen, displaysinformation about the entity, as a label that is automatically insertedin the browser when navigating to a website associated with the entity,or in some other manner that makes information about the entity, if any,available to a user.

The alias generation engine 858 can generate an alias that is specificto an entity. In the example of FIG. 8C, the alias generation engine 858stores the alias in the alias mod data store 860. The alias mod datastore 860 may or may not include only a subset of aliases known to auser. A reason that not all aliases are needed is that the aliasmodifications can be provided to the controlled data management system848, which can intercept messages directed to the alias and providerelevant information associated with, for example, the source of theinformation. However, it is also possible to maintain all aliases in thealias mod data store 860, which would mean that instead of an alias“mod” data store, the data store could be referred to as an alias datastore, which, for a specific user profile, the alias information at theclient device 844 and the controlled data management system 848 could bethe same. In an implementation in which all alias information ismaintained at the client device 844, the message reception engine 866can be coupled to the alias data store, and generate informationassociated with the alias similar to that generated at the controlleddata management system 848.

The aliased information provisioning engine 862 can receive personalinformation from a user through an input device, from the user profilemod data store 864, or from some other personal information source. Whenthe aliased information provisioning engine 862 obtains new or updatedinformation, the personal information can be stored in the user profilemod data store 864. The user profile mod data store 864 is a “mod” datastore because the aliased information provisioning engine 862 canprovide the information to the controlled data management system 848.Alternatively, the personal information can be maintained at the clientdevice 844 and not shared, or only a subset might be shared, with thecontrolled data management system 848. The aliased informationprovisioning engine 862 can use the alias in the alias mod data store860 and personal information obtained and/or that is stored in thepersonal information data store 864 to generate aliased personalinformation appropriate for provisioning to an entity that is associatedwith the alias. The aliased information provisioning engine 862 can alsoupdate the controlled data management system 848 with alias and/or userprofile data, depending upon the implementation, configuration, and/oruser preferences.

The message reception engine 866 can receive messages that were directedto an alias. The messages may or may not be addressed to the alias whenreceived at the message reception engine 866. For example, thecontrolled data management system 848 may be able to replace the aliaswith a destination address of the user. In a specific implementation,the message reception engine 866 can analyze the message to determinewhether the alias used by the source of the message is specific to theentity that is the source of the message. Where an alias that is notspecific to an entity is used by that entity, the message receptionengine 866 can indicate to the user that the alias was not used by theentity to which the alias was assigned, which may be indicative of datasharing.

In the example of FIG. 8C, the third party system 846 includes aregistration engine 868, a personal information data store 870, and auser messaging engine 872. In the example of FIG. 8C, the registrationengine 868 is coupled to the navigation engine 856, the alias generationengine 858, the aliased information provisioning engine 862, and thepersonal information data store 870. The registration engine 868 canprovide a data entry form to a user, such as on a web page, that isdisplayed by the navigation engine 856. The registration engine 868 canalso use email, text messages, or some other contact technique toinitiate registration of a user. As used in this paper, registration ofa user is intended to broadly include both explicit registration on asite associated with an entity, providing information for any reason, orextracting information from a user with or without the user's knowledge.It would be desirable to make the user as aware of the registrationtechniques as possible within technological or informationalconstraints.

When the registration engine 868 attempts to obtain contact informationfrom a user, the alias generation engine 858 can generate an alias foruse instead of the contact information. For example, if the registrationengine 868 obtains email addresses as part of a registration procedure,the alias generation engine 858 can generate an alias email address. Theregistration engine 868 then receives aliased information from thealiased information provisioning engine 862. Regardless of whether otherpersonal information is included, the data received at the registrationengine 868 can be referred to as aliased personal information because itincludes at least the alias. The registration engine 868 can store thealiased personal information in the personal information data store 870.Since the alias includes a contact value, the user messaging engine 872can use the alias to send a message to a user associated with the clientdevice 844. In the example of FIG. 8C, the user messaging engine 872sends a message to the alias, which is received at the alias agentengine 880.

The alias agent engine 880 can provide additional information in themessage, such as the source of the message to the alias. Since the aliasis entity-specific, if the source of the message to the alias is from anentity that is not associated with the third party device, then thealias agent engine 880 can determine that the alias was used by anentity other than the one to which the alias was provided in the aliasedpersonal information. The alias agent engine 880 can include in amessage to the key value destination that the alias was used by anentity other than the entity for which the alias was generated. In aspecific implementation, the alias agent engine 880 can take action,such as filtering the message, in accordance with user preferences. Inan alternative, the message to the alias could be received at themessage reception engine 866, bypassing the alias agent engine 880, andthe message reception engine 866 could carry out functionality similarto that described for the alias agent engine 880.

Advantageously, a user can compare the source of the message to thealias, or the information that is added to the message to the key valuedestination regarding the source of the message to the alias. In thisway, the user can determine whether the entity that sent the message tothe alias is the entity that is associated with the alias, and takeaction as the user deems appropriate.

FIG. 9 depicts a flowchart 900 of an example of a method for identifyinginformation sharing using an entity-specific alias. In the example ofFIG. 9, the flowchart 900 starts at module 902 with obtaining a keyvalue for use in communication with a user. The key value can include,for example, an email address, a phone number, an address, or anotherapplicable contact value.

In the example of FIG. 9, the flowchart 900 continues to module 904 withgenerating from the key value an alias for use in communication with athird party. The alias can be in a format similar to that of the keyvalue. For example, if the key value is an email address, the alias canalso be an email address. The alias is intended to replace the key valuein communications between a user and an entity (or entities) for whichthe alias is created.

In the example of FIG. 9, the flowchart 900 continues to module 906 withreceiving a message having a first message destination that includes thealias. This is indicative of a message that was sent by an entity usingthe alias.

In the example of FIG. 9, the flowchart 900 continues to module 908 withreplacing the first message destination with a second messagedestination that includes the key value for use in communication withthe user. It may be desirable to include the first message destination(alias) in some form. For example, the alias could be put into the cc:field, included as part of an attachment, included in the body of themessage, or provided through a separate channel.

In the example of FIG. 9, the flowchart 900 ends at module 910 withsending the message to the second message destination. Upon receipt ofthe message, a user can determine whether the alias was used by a firstentity for which the alias was created, or by a second entity. The usermay desire to take certain action following the determination, such asreport one or both of the entities, filter messages from the secondentity, attempt to unregister from the first entity, or the like.

Some portions of the detailed description may be presented in terms ofalgorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bitswithin a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions andrepresentations are the means used by those skilled in the dataprocessing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their workto others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally,conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of operations leading to adesired result. The operations are those requiring physicalmanipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily,these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capableof being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwisemanipulated. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasonsof common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements,symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like.

It should be borne in mind, however, that these and similar terms are tobe associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merelyconvenient labels applied to these quantities. Unless specificallystated otherwise as apparent from the following discussion, it isappreciated that throughout the description, discussions utilizing termssuch as “processing” or “computing” or “calculating” or “determining” or“displaying” or the like, refer to the action and processes of acomputer system, or similar electronic computing device, thatmanipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic)quantities within the computer system's registers and memories intoother data similarly represented as physical quantities within thecomputer system memories or registers or other such information storage,transmission or display devices.

An apparatus may be specially constructed to implement techniquesdescribed in this paper, or it may comprise a general purpose computerselectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored inthe computer to produce a specially purposed machine. Such a computerprogram may be stored in a computer readable storage medium, such as,but is not limited to, any type of disk including floppy disks, opticaldisks, CD-ROMs, and magnetic-optical disks, read-only memories (ROMs),random access memories (RAMs), EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or opticalcards, or any type of media suitable for storing electronicinstructions, and each coupled to a computer system bus.

The algorithms and displays presented herein are not inherently relatedto any particular computer or other apparatus. Various general purposesystems may be used with programs in accordance with the teachingsherein, or it may prove convenient to construct more specializedapparatus to perform the methods of some embodiments.

While aspects of the invention have been described by way of example interms of certain embodiments, it will be appreciated by those skilled inthe relevant art that certain modifications, permutations, andequivalents thereof are within the scope of the invention. It istherefore intended that the following appended claims include all suchmodifications, permutations and equivalents as fall within the truespirit and scope of the invention.

1. A system comprising: an alias data store operative to store a keyvalue in association with an alias that is specific to an entity; analias generation engine, coupled to the alias data store, operative to:generate the alias from the key value; store the key value inassociation with the alias in the alias data store; an alias agentengine, coupled to the alias data store, operative to: receive a messagehaving: a message source; a first message destination that includes thealias; replace the first message destination with a second messagedestination that includes the key value stored in association with thealias in the alias data store; send the message to the second messagedestination; whereby a recipient of the message can determine whetherthe entity sent the message using the alias that is specific to theentity.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the alias generation engine isoperative to receive the key value from a client device.
 3. The systemof claim 1, wherein the alias generation engine is operative to store anidentifier of the entity in association with the alias in the alias datastore.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the alias generation engine isoperative to send the alias to a client device.
 5. The system of claim1, further comprising an aliased information provisioning engine,coupled to the alias data store, operative to send aliased personalinformation that includes at least the alias to a third party.
 6. Thesystem of claim 5, further comprising a personal information data store,coupled to the aliased information provisioning engine, wherein thealiased information provisioning engine is operative to store personalinformation in the personal information data store and wherein thealiased personal information includes some of the personal information.7. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a third party device; aclient device operative to send personal information to the third partydevice, wherein the personal information includes the alias.
 8. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the alias agent engine is operative toreceive the message from a third party device.
 9. The system of claim 1,further comprising a message server operative to: receive the messagefrom the alias agent engine; provide the message to a client device. 10.A system comprising: an alias data mod store operative to store a keyvalue in association with an alias that is specific to an entity; analias generation engine, coupled to the alias mod data store, operativeto: generate the alias from the key value; store the key value inassociation with the alias in the alias mod data store; an aliasedinformation provisioning engine, coupled to the alias mod data store,operative to provide the alias in the alias mod data store and personalinformation responsive to a personal information gathering prompt at athird party site, wherein the personal information gathering promptincludes a prompt for at least contact information to which the alias isresponsive; a message reception engine operative to receive a messagethat includes the alias and a message source; whereby a recipient of themessage can determine whether the entity sent the message using thealias that is specific to the entity.
 11. The system of claim 10,wherein the aliased information provisioning engine is further operativeto provide updates from the alias mod data store to a controlled datamanagement server.
 12. The system of claim 10, further comprising a userprofile mod data store, coupled to the aliased information provisioningengine, wherein the aliased information provisioning engine is furtheroperative to store the personal information responsive to the personalinformation gathering prompt at the third party site in the user profilemod data store.
 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the aliasedinformation provisioning engine is further operative to provide updatesfrom the user profile mod data store to a controlled data managementserver.
 14. The system of claim 10, further comprising: a site labelingengine operative to provide a label indicative of characteristics of anentity associated with the third party site; a navigation engine,coupled to the site labeling engine, operative to display the label inassociation with the third party site.
 15. The system of claim 14,wherein the site labeling engine obtains information from an entityprofile data store that includes information about the entity associatedwith the third party site.
 16. The system of claim 10, furthercomprising: an entity profile data store operative to store informationabout an entity associated with the third party site; an entity profilegeneration engine, coupled to the entity profile data store, operativeto: obtain information about the entity associated with the third partysite; store the information in the entity profile data store.
 17. Thesystem of claim 10, further comprising: an alias data store operative tostore the key value in association with the alias; a user profileupdating engine, coupled to the alias data store, operative to: receiveupdates from the alias mod data store; store the updates in the aliasdata store.
 18. The system of claim 10, further comprising: a userprofile data store operative to store personal information inassociation with the key value; a user profile updating engine, coupledto the user profile data store, operative to: receive updates from theuser profile mod data store; store the updates in the user profile datastore.
 19. The system of claim 10, further comprising: an alias agentengine, coupled to the message reception engine, operative to: receive amessage having a message destination that includes the alias; providethe message to the message reception engine.
 20. A method comprising:obtaining a key value for use in communication with a user; generatingfrom the key value an alias for use in communication with a third party;receiving a message having a first message destination that includes thealias; replacing the first message destination with a second messagedestination that includes the key value for use in communication withthe user; sending the message to the second message destination; wherebythe user can determine whether the third party sent the message usingthe alias for use in communication with the third party.